概要

This paper assesses the effectiveness of voluntary standards in tackling poverty, with a focus on Fairtrade, Rainforest Alliance and organic certification in Ecuadorian cocoa production. The analysis is based on a 2010 baseline survey, recall data from two years prior to certification, and a 2012 endline survey, drawing comparisons between certified and non-certified farmers, as well as changes over time. It is found that members of certified producer organisations have experienced improved income and productivity when compared to non-certified producers, as well as quality improvement through environmental management, and investment in production and post-harvest systems. Over time the certified producers have also seen slightly increased income and improved working conditions. Whilst certified producer organisations are playing an important advocacy and financial service role, participation of member farmers could be increased.